Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Business Management Essay

What different persuasive approaches would you use on the following audiences: a boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open-minded person? I believe the approaches will and must differ if you want to be successful. Persuasion is meant to win others over, not to defeat them. Therefore, it is important to be able to see the topic from different angles in order to anticipate the reaction others have to a proposal. Since individuals in each of the roles you have listed are typically going to have their own biases and priorities, the message approach needs to be tailored to best win them over. Boss: this is who is prominent in a department or organization to accomplish company goals and objectives. Therefore, the approach should be to establish how your proposal ties in with the accomplishment of those goals .Peer – any persuasions that work on you should work on your peer, since you share similar viewpoints and roles. Typically persuasion between peers can be less structured and more informal since you already have shared experience. Challenging person – the most difficult spectators, the key here is preparati on. The challenging person is typically trying to poke holes and arguing against your ideas. The approach you need to take is think through all the possible objections that could be raised against your suggestion. Then develop and prepare the counter-arguments. If you’ve done your work thoroughly, you can win over the challenging person by demonstrating how you’ve thought through and come up with solutions for all possible flaws in your argument. Open-minded – this audience needs preparation as well, but from a different perspective than the challenging. Instead of trying to anticipate every possible objection and how to mitigate it, the open-minded approach is to lay out the facts in a rational manner that persuades to what you want to accomplish. With a focus on logic, an open-minded person will be persuaded. †¢ Consider the list titled â€Å"In Depth: Critical Thinking, The Long Version† in Ch.1 of Critical Thinking. What do you consider to be the most important points? Why do you think this? I would consider the following to be the most important points: Distinguish between rational claims and emotional ones, separate fact from opinion, recognize logical flaws in the argument, and spot deception and holes in the arguments of others. I think these points are the most  important when it comes to decisive whether or not a claim is true. If I can distinct fact from opinion this will help one to determine the relevant information in a claim. Recognizing flaws and spotting deception and holes in the argument of others will further allow me to use proper reasoning when interpreting a claim and deciding whether or not it is valid, sound, or both. There are many critical think skills that a person needs to develop in order to become shrewder. These skills applied to everyday decisions and they can be also be applied to world-wide issues. Every day we talk to somebody or read the local newspaper, we are using critical thinking skills. †¢ What is the difference between persuasion and manipulation? How do arguments and language affect the difference? Persuasion is leading someone in a certain way. For example, logical argument might be more persuasive than screaming fits, the smell of chocolate cake might persuade you to eat it. So it is neutral. Manipulation is getting a person to do something for your purposes. You could use logic to persuade someone that something was right, hence manipulating them into doing something you want them to do. †¢ What keys or tips can raise suspicion about the validity of arguments, presented verbally and in writing? The validity of the argument can raise suspicion if the source is an unknown source. When presented verbally the validity of the argument can also raise suspicion with the origination of the source and if the person verbally expressing the information will change the information in anyway.

'The Every Child Matters series of documents set out the most Essay

'The Every Child Matters series of documents set out the most important proposals for change in the field of child safeguardin - Essay Example II. Definition In an effort to meet children’s developmental needs, the UK government was prompted to consult children themselves, of things that matter to them most in order to be the basis of proposals for change. These key outcomes—being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic well-being are detailed in the Every Child Matters report and represent a considerable shift in focus for staff providing public services for children. (Baxter & Frederickson, 2005). In the document for Every Child Matters, Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government, 2006), important definitions on some constructs on hand were given: â€Å"In the Children Acts 1989 and 2004, a child is anyone who has not yet reached their 18th birthday. ‘Children’ therefore means ‘children and young people’ throughout. The fact that a child has reached 16 years of age, is living independently or is in further education, is a member of the armed forces, is in hospital, in prison or in a Young Offenders’ Institution, does not change his or her status or entitlement to services or protection under the Children Act 1989. â€Å"(HM Government, 2006, p.34) Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is defined as â€Å"protecting children from maltreatment; preventing impairment of children’s health or development and ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care (HM Government, pp. 34-35) Child protection is a part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. This refers to the â€Å"activity that is undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering, or are at risk of suffering, significant harm† (HM Government, p. 35). III. Historical context The controversial brutal death of eight-year old Victoria Climbie in the hands of people she trusted spurred an in-depth investigation that inspired the writing of the G reen Paper, otherwise known as Every Child Matters. Although her death is a tragic loss, it has awakened in the government its vigilance in the protection of children, hence, Victoria’s death was not in vain. The UK is signatory in the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child. Every five years, the UK government is required to report to the UN Commission on its progress in implementing the convention in the country. It is expected that all government departments hold responsibility to promote the convention and the five key outcomes set out in Every Child Matters namely: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic well-being. This document provides the vehicle for the delivery of the convention in the country. It widens the scope of government involvement in children’s development and challenges all those involved with children to develop effective practices in promoting positive developmental outcomes for all. Inspe ctors of children’s services will be looking for evidence that â€Å"Children and young people, parents and carers are involved in identifying their needs and designing services† and â€Å"Children and young people contribute to performance management and their views are listened to† (Ofsted, 2004). IV. Important proposal for changes The Government’s response to the inquiry report and the first joint Chief Inspectors’ Report (Cm 5861) identified the key features of an effective

Applying Arguments about Economics and Place Essay

Applying Arguments about Economics and Place - Essay Example It gives a detailed explanation of why the poorer people in the United States of America seem to acquire and store more invaluable stuff as compared to the fairly financially stable people. According to Paul Graham’s article, one of the articles in unit two, the contemporary American market is full of cheap stuff as compared to the traditional America (Paul 1). People used to undervalue stuff and only accumulated only a portion of what they bought and considered absolutely valuable to them. In the contemporary America, however, people seem to overvalue stuff despite the fact that they are cheaper as compared to the traditional stuff. Paul tries to give an explanation to why poorer people are more likely to value stuff with lesser value as compared to the fairly rich people. He explains that he would pick things left by friends when they moved to new homes because he was poor, and useless stuff seemed useful to him. This is an implication that poor feel that they will perhaps make use of stuff in the future despite the fact that the same stuff might be useless to them at that particular moment (Paul 1). That is a confirmation of the uncertain future that the poor face. Paul further explains that stuff in an illiquid asset and this might only change when one finds immediate use for it. In addition to that, stuff becomes a liquid asset only when one sells the stuff immediately he or she acquires it at a higher price compared to the buying prices. Therefore, stuff that is accumulated over a period of time becomes uneconomical. As a matter of fact, the stuff becomes expensive to keep because it occupies space thereby demanding for storage space. For this reason, Paul explains that it is worth noting that once one does not have immediate use for whatever he or she is trying to acquire, he or she probably never will have use for that object (Paul 1). The increase of stuff in the markets, both used and new, is attributed to the increased

Research Methods Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Methods - Research Paper Example ntral role in any study and are said to have very close relation with the purpose of the study in the sense that the research questions are what directs any research work. Moreover, the research questions can support the research in its objective of achieving the possible answer to the thesis. The central research question in this proposed study what are the factors that help reduce on smoking rate. There are other research questions which support the leading research question. These are: There are six major research designs that can be used by researchers. Among these, the researcher shall settle with the use of survey research design. Generally, surveys entail a representative research whereby data collected from a group of people is generalized for a wider population base. The term survey is used widely in research work. It refers to the process of selecting a relatively large sample of people from a predetermined population in which the researcher is interested in. This process is followed by collecting a small quantity of the data out of the selected individuals. This information is then used by the researcher in making inferences concerning the wider population. In using the survey, collection of data are in a standardized form usually achieved through interviews or by a questionnaire. Surveys are always designed in away to providing snapshots of state of things at any specific time’. This strategy is suited to descriptive type of studies, although limit ed to aspects of a situation. The method has some disadvantages and advantages. These include: first, the research gives data that are based on empirical data secondly the coverage of many events implies more likelihood of some other approaches to obtaining data that are based on representative samples. This may be generalizable for a whole population. Thirdly, survey produces large data within a short time at a fairly low cost. This implies that researchers can come up with small time-span for a given

The Contemporaty Middle East is the class The paper is the development Essay

The Contemporaty Middle East is the class The paper is the development of Israel and Palestine - Essay Example However, the wider aspect of the demarcations in monetary matters remains, to a magnanimous extent, an overt situation (Silverburg 16). For instance, during last year in the globalization context, the new tend of the debate was acknowledged between the Nobel Prize winner in monetary issues who staged for cautioning the eradication of economic borders worldwide. However, his opponents represented the opposite notion in their purported Washington consensus. Observably, with regard to the Israeli-Palestinian clash, and most notably throughout the 90’s arbitrations, the diverse positions on the merits and demerits of the monetary or economic demarcations served an overtly consummate role. Moreover, the being of the Oslo process, which was primarily, based on momentary and gradualism plans, called off the issue of the demarcations, inclusive of the monetary ones, to a later time. Additionally, this was nevertheless an oversight but more of a part and parcel of what made the Oslo process executable in the eyes of its designers, a component with ambiguity. Moreover, the Shahar committee, nominated by the Rabin’s administration in February 1993, in preparation of monetary negotiations with the Palestinians, found its recommendations on the presupposition a demarcation, inclusive of an economic one, would not possibly subsist between the sides in the course of an interim level (Silverburg 9). Thus, this presupposition, founded and motivated by political aspects and purportedly by a prospect of a lasting monetary integration, dictated most of the committee’s conclusions and led, in April 1994, to the effective affirmation of the Protocol surrounding monetary relations among the administration of the nations and the PLO, which resultantly represented the Palestinian inhabitants, better referred to as the Protocol of Paris. One of the exhilarating aspects of the Paris Protocol (PP) is its close congruence to the arrangements that the

Conflict Resolution. Compare conflict resolution techniques in two Term Paper

Conflict Resolution. Compare conflict resolution techniques in two different cultures, such as American and Mexican - Term Paper Example The USA belongs to so-called individualistic culture. Besides, this is a country with a low level of power-distance and fear of uncertainty. The Americans use to resolve the conflicts by means of such methods as competition. The Mexican culture is a collectivist culture with high level of power-distance and fear of uncertainty. The representatives are prone to resolve the conflicts by means of cooperation and compromise to resolve the conflict. The conflict, according to K. Thomas - is "a process that arises when one party assumes that the other party is going to impede or interfere with the intentions of the first side" (cited in Lorenzen 2006). K. Thomas identified five styles of behavior in conflict resolution. The modern view is that even the organizations with efficient management have some conflicts; moreover, the conflicts are not only possible, but also desirable. Of course, the conflict does not always produce positive effects. In some cases it can interfere with the needs o f the individual and the goals of the organization as a whole (Augsburger 1992). Some conflict can be functional and lead to increased organizational effectiveness. Or it can be dysfunctional, and then it leads to a decrease in personal satisfaction, group cooperation and effectiveness of the organization. ... Cooperation – â€Å"let's solve this problem together† – an active style, strives to cooperate with other party. In this situation, both parties are committed to achieving their goals. Such manner of behavior characterized by the desire to solve the problem, find out the differences, exchange ideas and information. Such a strategy is often called the approach â€Å"win – win†. Avoidance of conflict – â€Å"leave me alone† is a passive style of conflict solution, which does not seek to any cooperation. One side can acknowledge that a conflict exists, but chooses the manner of behavior, characterized by the desire to avoid conflict or stifle it. Such party delays the conflict solution, using a variety of half-measures in order to dampen the conflict, or covert action to avoid a confrontation. Compliance – â€Å"only after you†- is a passive style, seeking to cooperation. In some cases, one party may try to placate the other and put their interests above their own ones. The given strategy implies the desire to soothe the other party; it involves compliance, obedience and suppleness. Compromise – â€Å"let's meet each other’s interests†- the average position by two parameters: activity - passivity, a willingness to cooperate - its absence. When both sides make concessions, partly by refusing their claims, a compromise is reached. Nobody wins and nobody loses. Such solution involves the search for options and ways to mutually beneficial agreements. Like any other aspect of organizational behavior, style of conflict resolution is subject to significant influence of national cultures. â€Å"To create conditions for cooperation, the leaders of the international level should study

Involvement and Young Adults Sexual Health Knowledge Article

Involvement and Young Adults Sexual Health Knowledge - Article Example Particular emphasis has been placed on social media artifacts because they are so heavily used by adolescents and young adults. In addition, individuals within this age group receive a large amount of their information from such sources. Prior to this study, researchers viewed the social media as negatively impacting the sexual decisions of young adults. Although there is the valid support for this supposition, the authors of this article suggest there may also be some positive effects of social media artifacts on this population. These effects include educating young adults about sexually transmitted diseases and offering the possible outcomes of premarital sex. Pointedly, the authors state that the majority of earlier research concentrated solely on the television as the primary source of information—there was no focus on magazines. Due to the broad range of sexual topics discussed in modern day magazines that are read by young adults, researchers postulate that these magazines may assist young adults with making decisions about sex such as discussing contraception options with a partner or choosing to refrain from sexual activity until marriage. Consequently, it can be correlated that an increase in magazi ne reading may lead to an increase in condom/contraceptive and more positive decisions concerning sexual health. Therefore, this article aims at understanding how magazines serve as constructive sources of information and enable young adults to make informed decisions about their sexual health. Throughout Studies 1 and 2, the authors hypothesized that â€Å"because of the coverage of sexual health issues in magazines †¦ reading certain genres of magazines (women’s lifestyle, teen, and men’s lifestyle) would be positively correlated with sexual health knowledge, safe-sex self-efficacy, safe-sex intentions, and contraceptive use† (p. 287).

The Bermuda Triangle Essay Example for Free

The Bermuda Triangle Essay The Bermuda Triangle is one of the biggest mysteries in the world. Since Christopher Columbus discovered it in 1492, there have been numerous airplanes, ships, and vessels to â€Å"disappear† in the middle of the triangle. There are many theories about what could have happened to these missing ships, but no one really knows what is out there for sure. Some say that the lost city of Atlantis is at he bottom of the Atlantic Ocean; some say there are Aliens. Others believe it is just as simple as mother nature and is all just over exaggerated. This all leads to the million dollar question: is the Bermuda Triangle just a living legend, or is there really something paranormal out in the â€Å"Devils Triangle†? Many know that the Bermuda Triangle is a triangle is the Atlantic Ocean, but would like to know who discovered the Bermuda Triangle, and how it was became discovered. There are many myths and legends about the triangle, but many do not know a lot about them. This paper will look more into each myth; the Atlantis myth, the underwater electromagnetic field, and the UFO attacks. Many people ask which myths are real and which ones are fake, but no one will ever know for sure. Some of the myths seem a bit far fetched, such as the aliens, but the electromagnetic fields at the bottom of the ocean seem a little bit reasonable. The triangle is also known for getting many typhoons, so maybe that has something to do with the missing airplanes. Another frequently asked question is how many ships have disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle? There must be a lot if it is a worldwide myth. What happened during Flight 19?. When did it happen and how? The biggest question that people may ask is if the Bermuda Triangle is real or not. It is a very frequently asked question when the subject comes up. Is there any strong evidence towards one side or another? The vicinity of the Bermuda triangle is known, however the exact spot where people disappear is not known. Where the Bermuda Triangle is located, is subject to three way water currents. These currents are capable of causing storms powerful enough to damage ships and aircrafts. The boundaries of the triangle cover the straits of Florida, the Bahamas, and the entire Caribbean island area and the Atlantic east to the Azores. There are over sixty-six airplanes and ships that have passed through the Bermuda Triangle and have never been found. The Bermuda Triangle is not known for any specific season. It is sunny, but there are usually winds. Some of the accidents that have been told to have happen in the Bermuda triangle did not, the happened in other locations but somehow get added to the list of accidents in the Bermuda Triangle over time. Christopher Columbus and his crew was the first people who discovered the Bermuda Triangle. He first documented dancing lights on the horizon, and bizarre compass readings. It was said that Christopher Columbus documented these sitings on October 11, 1492. There are several disappearances and several myths about the Triangle. In 1872, a large vessel called ‘Mary Celeste’ was spotted by a ship call Dei Gratia sailing awkwardly. The Dei Gratia decided to stop by and take a look and saw no one was on the ship. The life boat was missing and they left the ship vacant and in perfect condition. Another weird myth and mystery that happened in the Bermuda Triangle happened on December 27, 1948. Commercial flight called NC-16002 DC-3 was flying to Puerto Rico. The pilot radioed Miami when they were fifty miles out to receive specific directions. Once they received the directions, Miami never received a response back, making it a missing ship. Yet these are known as myths, they have really happened. (Bermuda Triangle Facts, Mystery, Myths Theories Surrounding Bermuda Triangle) One of the first myths about the Bermuda Triangle was the disappearance of USS Cyclops in 1918. The ship was launched in 1910, and carried coal for the Navy in World War I. The ship was on it was from Salvador to Baltimore, but the ship never made it. The ship had to make an unscheduled stop in Barbados on March 3rd, but after this stop it vanished without a trace. No traces of this ship were ever found, no wreckage or distress signals were received. There were 306 people’s lives lost on this ship, the most lives lost in Naval history that did not involve combat. Not only is Cyclops being a missing is a mystery, so is where it went missing. This ship could of gone missing anywhere from Barbados to Baltimore. Communication was unreliable in 1918 making hard to tell what happened, and they might not have had time to call before sinking. Flight 19 is another mystery about the Bermuda Triangle, a training mission that took off from Fort Lauderdale on December 5th, 1945. The leader of Flight 19 was Charles Taylor, an experienced crew member. Twelve of the people on the plan were students. About 2 hours after takeoff Taylor messaged the base stating he was disorientated. He stated, Both my compasses are out. Im over land, but its broken. Im sure Im in the Keys, but I dont know how far down and I dont know how to get to Fort Lauderdale. If the flight had gone like it was supposed to, the flight should have approximately been over Great Sale Cay, 200 miles from the keys. For the next two hours, the crew flew north and east with little communication. The base was under the belief the flight should have been over the Gulf of Mexico and soon be back over Florida. One the final things the base heard from the flight was, All planes close up tight we will have to ditch unless landfall. when the first man gets down to 10 gallons we will all land in the water together. Immediately a boat was launched to find the men, but had to return when its antenna iced over. Another boat took off and within an hour and a half, a tanker observed an explosion. A patch of oil and wreckage was found boat is believed to have exploded. A five day search was sent out, and 250,000 square mile was searched. Not even a trace of Flight 19 was found. Over the years the story of Flight 19 has been changed and exaggerated. Some sources say UFOs were spotted, none of which was recorded. Although it seems bizarre that Taylors compasses failed, where the landed it also questionable. Bahamas look similar to Florida from the air, after a five hour flight not knowing where they were headed, means it could of landed various places. It seems very possible that the flight ran out of gas before the men had time get on the rafts. Along with many myths and mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle, there are also a lot of theories. Some theories about the triangle are that it could have something to do with UFO. Steven Spielberg used this theory in his Hollywood film called ‘Close Encounters of the Third Kind’. This site explains some supernatural theories just to explain why things disappeared in the vicinity of the triangle. It also says that it is also known as one of the two places on earth where a compass will not point to true, magnetic north. Another theory that the world has come up with is Atlantis and its mysterious crystals. This theory has become popular by a man named Edgar Cayce, who claims to see the future and spirits from the past life in Atlantis. Cayce says that they had remarkable technologies such as powerful â€Å"fire crystals† which helped them produce energy. He believes that those crystals went out of control and sunk the whole city of Atlantis. It is believed that the crystals are damaged, therefore sending out their nuclear power beneath the ocean waves. The nuclear power interferes with the ships and planes going through the Bermuda Triangle. Dr. Ben Clennell is the man who brought the â€Å"methane gas† theory to the eyes of the public. He believes that the methane gas locked in the bottom of the ocean has to do with the missing ships and planes in the Bermuda Triangle. He says that subterranean landslides can possibly release the methane gas into the oceans making it dangerous for ships to pass through. A large amount of methane would reduce the density of the oceans water, making ships sink like nothing. After it sunk that Gulf Stream could have the ability to move the wreckage miles from where it sunk. The gas is also highly combustible and can ignite, sending planes shooting into the ocean. These explosions can be very violent. Another theory is that the Bermuda Triangle is a portal to another dimension. A number of witnesses have reported UFOs in this area. There is thought that the government is conducting tests in the Bermuda Triangle, but what they are looking for is a mystery. National Geographic is investigating reports of an underwater city near Cuba, but have not made any announcements on what they have learned. The Bermuda Triangle is known for geomagnetic fields. These fields could cause the compass readings. Geomagnetic fields are common throughout the world, making this very possible. The planes could also go missing by methane rising into the air and causing them to blow up. There is no proof what really happens in the Bermuda Triangle and still remains as one of Earths biggest mysteries Lawrence David Kusch did an investigation to the Bermuda Triangle. Kusche frequently requested information from the library about the Bermuda Triangle, but he discovered there was very little reliable information available. Him and group of librarian formed a group, and began researching the area. Kusche tried to find the answer to the mystery and legends that had been created about the Bermuda Triangle. He had a good background that helped him understand the research that he was conducting. Kusche explains his research by presenting each myth, followed by the known facts. He then states the source of which he got his information. One of the legends Kusche researched was the one that involves Air Force C-124. This flight disappeared on its way to Ireland. This legend happened in March 1950. The Air Force has no recorded of ant missing C-124s that month in the Atlantic. In March 1951 there was a report of an aircraft that went down in route to England. This aircraft did not go missing within the next 24 hours pieces of this aircraft showed up. In conclusion, whether or not the Bermuda Triangle is real or fake has never truly been discovered. There is a lot of evidence on both sides, but some of which cannot be proven to be true or false. Scientists know for a fact that there is something bizarre about the triangle and what happens inside, but some of the occurrences may not be truly paranormal activity. Some of the disappearances may only be mother nature and nothing more. The Bermuda Triangle still is one of the worlds biggest mysteries.

Policing Practices and Operations Essay Example for Free

Policing Practices and Operations Essay Law enforcement officers have many duties. Law enforcement officers are sworn to serve and protect society as well as to fight crime. They also maintain order within their jurisdiction, as well as providing other services that the community will benefit from. Most of the time, police officers are considered to be crime fighters, in which this image has been brought to citizen’s attention by the media. The styles of policing should match the community in which they serve, so there is no conflict between the community and the law enforcement officer. The future policing structure does have a huge impact socially, economically, and politically within the community and the police departments general needs so that they can provide the proper policing that is needed. Life threatening situations take place in different circumstances, which includes the law enforcement agencies. Dangers Law enforcement officers face being wounded or murdered as they are on the line of duty in the United States, every year. The greatest threat a police officer will ever face is bodily harm and death. When a law enforcement officer is called to a scene and responds to a disturbance call, the law enforcement officer is confronted with the possibilities of violent actions from an armed suspect. Although, bodily harm as well as death upon a law enforcement officer are not the only dangers in policing. Family issues and stress related illnesses also can be contributing factors to the danger of a law enforcement officer and policing. Law enforcement officer’s jobs can surely take a toll on their lives as well as their well-being. If the pressures of their type of work are handled and coped with property, it could end up becoming life threatening. Today’s law enforcement officers are faced with many dangers within their everyday duties, like rival threats of getting shot. Examples are: vehicle pursuits, traffic control, and foot pursuit, stress, making an arrest, and sun exposure/duty equipment and biohazard exposure. These dangers are exposed to law enforcement officers on a daily basis. This is why it is important for law enforcement officers to wear their bulletproof vests as well as their belts that contain pepper spray, radio, handgun, baton, and handcuffs. All of this specified equipment usually will weigh up to about twenty pounds, which adds stress to the law enforcement officers hips, feet, knees, and back areas. Stress to the law enforcement officers body by getting in and out of their patrol vehicle up to about fifty times within one day, as they have to wear all of their equipment. Law enforcement officers are exposed to the extreme temperatures for many hours at a time. They may have to be in extreme heat c onditions, such as one hundred degree heat, while conducting traffic control at a scene of an accident. They also sometimes have to provide crime scene security when the weather may be in freezing conditions. Law enforcement officers are at the mercy of all weather conditions. Also, a lot of the times law enforcement officers are called to a scene and they are not properly prepared for it because of the weather conditions and they do not have the time to stop somewhere to get what they need to prepare themselves. They may have to stand out in extremely hot or freezing weather without the proper protection they may need or hydration they so desperately have to have. Law enforcement officer’s physical dangers have to be dealt with as well as trying to always be ready for the worst. As this can add so much mental and physical stress upon the law enforcement officer. They have to be aware of their surroundings and environment all the time. Law enforcement officers have to be alert as well as being prepared for all situations that may occur. The officer will rarely have time to get prepared for an emergency call. They have to sometimes rely on the training the received to be able to make important, split second decisions that are based on different circumstances. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks gained the attention from all the departments within law enforcement. Within the federal policing agencies, they took precautionary measures to make sure that the people of  the United States were safe. Even though, the local and state agencies have managed to keep the people’s fears under control within the United States and communities as well. All of the agencies in the United States have to work fearlessly on preventing and reducing the citizen’s fears caused by terrorism. When terrorism is looked into, law enforcement agencies and Homeland security across the world are very imperative that the agencies try to work together in solving the crimes by using shared information and by having departmental as sistance. All in all, terrorism is always a danger for law enforcement officers. Statistics As reports were published by the National Police Officer Memorial Funds said that in 2010, officer’s fatalities treacherously rose. There was a two year drop of law enforcement mortalities in 2010 that rose to 160. This was intensified by about forty percent compared by looking at the year before. The data gathered by the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund indicated that for the thirteenth consecutive year, the number one cause of law enforcement officers deaths were contributed by traffic fatalities, within thirty nine states. Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia were also involved in law enforcement officer’s related deaths in 2010. Within the third consecutive year in a row, Texas, Florida, and California were ranked on top of the five states that involved the most of law enforcement fatalities. The Federal law enforcement Officers had a total of eleven law enforcement officers that were lost, including the Federal agents that lost their lives in the line of duty during 2010, along with United States Customs, two United States Border Patrol agents, and three Border Protection officers. According with the Federal Bureau of Investigations (2011) website, it stated that fifty-six law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty. Thirty two law enforcement officers that were among the fifty-six, were employed within city police departments. Thirteen of them were employed for law enforcement agencies within cities of a population consisting of 250,000 or more people that reside there. In Puerto Rico and twenty two other states, there was also line of duty deaths as well. There were fifteen law enforcement officers who lost their lives in ambush situations as well. There were fourteen law enforcement officers that lost their lives in felonious attacks while involved in arrest situations. There were eight law enforcement officers that were killed when they were investigating suspicious persons/circumstances. There were seven law enforcement officers that were killed while working on traffic stops/pursuits. Six law enforcement officers were killed while answering to disturbance calls. There were three law enforcement officers that were killed while they were involved in tactical situations, like high risk entry, barricaded offender, hostage situations, etc. There were two law enforcement officers that were killed upon conducting investigations while searching, interviewing, and looking at surveillance. And one law enforcement officer was killed as they were maintaining custody of a prisoner or while transporting a prisoner. With future policing, I feel that it is important to have close communication with the homeland security. I personally feel that the more communication there is, the more we will progress and bring better policing skills. It is equally as important to have communication with all law enforcement agencies to help in improving all policing operations that are dealt with. In future policing, the importance of keeping law enforcement agencies relationships maintained will build better and stronger agencies. With the relationship within law enforcement agencies and homeland security are not as accurate as seemed. It is understood that all agencies serve different purposes, as they are all in charge of different types of areas within society to serve and protect. I believe that joining forces with other agencies would be beneficial. It would be beneficial because by all working together, there could be issues that could be addressed a lot better. Along with lack of communication among law enforcement agencies and homeland security, we would be able to better handle the various criminal issues better. I feel that this can also improve community policing and law enforcement relationships. With the new technology equipment that police officers receive, they can work on their policing styles, such as being reactive or proactive. Once these issues are changed, there will be better communication with other law enforcement agencies, as they would be able to serve and protect in much more positive ways. This will decrease crime rates as well as increasing practices that  are reactive. As crime rates decrease, and proactive and reactive practices are being practiced, then the start of confidence will show within all law enforcement agencies. Although, there are many differences in the power as well as the authority, responsibilities and roles, and the difference in jurisdiction at the local, state, and federal levels within law enforcement officers. It is clearly apparent that all of the dangers within them remain equally the same. References American bar association. (2011). Standards on urban police functions. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_section_archive/crimjust_standards_urbanpolice.html Federal bureau of investigations. (2011). Officers feloniously killed. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/leoka-2010/officers-feloniously-killed Crime in America.NET. (2011). Law enforcement fatalities dramatically increase in 2010. Retrieved from http://crimeinamerica.net/2011/01/04/law-enforcement-fatalities-dramatically-increase-in-2010/

A Personal Ethics Reflection

A Personal Ethics Reflection It appears that my ethical framework may be somewhat eclectic. Nonetheless, having happened to read the articles on Deontology and Utilitarianism (Kay, 1997; Deontological Ethics, 2008), I have come to the conclusion that my ethical framework largely revolves around the duty aspect of Deontology. Up to this point, I was unable to put a name to my ethical beliefs/value system. I knew for sure though that my values were strongly based on my experiences as a Christian. I strongly believe that rules are meant to be kept-not broken as is the commonly heard expression. For me, life consists of a set of rules and duties-typical of a Deontologist. . I believe strongly that ones duty is strongly stipulated by Christ; for example, the Great Commission, and the living a righteous life that is pleasing to God. Here is an example: recently I was to complete some readings for one of my courses but I was unable to do all the readings as I had previously made plans to attend a function at church. Wh en I attended the class, I considered the possibility of being questioned directly about one of the articles that I had not read. Knowing that lying was not an option, I would have (as is my moral duty) had to tell my lecturer that I had been unable to complete that particular reading. Had my moral principles revolved largely around Utilitarianism and Consequentialism, I would have told a lie because it would have prevented me from being suspended from the seminar which would have affected my attendance percentage Thus at the end of the day, my ethical principles are incorporated with the whole idea of the Trinity residing in me. Now one may argue that it would be different if I had a family member who was a homosexual or committed homosexual acts. I concur, it would be different. In fact, I would be more emotionally and spiritually invested which would be the precursor to more intense prayer and fasting for that loved one. My Bible points me to the availing power of the effectual and fervent prayer of the righteous (James 5 verse 16). Therefore, based on the fact that I would hate to see my loved one sent to hell, I would be on my knees praying for that persons deliverance. As I noted before, there is a mixture of duties and consequence. I have my Christian duties that if not fulfilled have great consequences for my soul. Additionally, I have as a new man in Christ an understanding of Gods specific commands, so it does not matter who the person is; that is, there is no agent-relativity. Within my ethical framework, I think my primary ethical principle revolves around the concept of Doing unto others as you would have them do unto you. Within this principle, some of the rules that I subscribe to relate to a passage of Biblical scripture that require Christians to avoid judging and condemning others whilst ensuring that they are merciful and forgiving (St. Luke 6 verse 36-37, King James Version). The idea of avoiding judgement and condemnation does not imply that one is to accept or encourage an act that is not of God. The Bible gives specific guidelines as to what activities are condoned and prohibited. Thus, it is my duty to uphold the Christian laws and bring the Word to a non-Christian (St. Matthew 28 verse 18-20). Therefore, the principle regarding judgement and condemnation does not conflict with the stance I took with homosexuality (Romans 1 verse 24-32; 2 Corinthians 6 verse 8; 2 Thessalonians 3 verse 6). I will give a further example of the principle regarding judgement and condemnation. I have recently found myself in a quandary whilst interacting with persons who are not Christians. The most recent example was whilst interacting with a lecturer in class about Professor Stephen Hawkings most recent theory on the creation of the universe. My lecturer became instantaneously excited once Professor Hawkings name was mentioned. In fact, he proceeded to declare how awesome Professor Hawking was in his ability to explain the creation of the universe without acknowledging the presence of a supernatural force. Of course I thought this was absolute blasphemy and pitied my lecturer for what appeared to be atheism and his sure eternal damnation. It was not until after the class that I was sent back to my principle and rules about judging others. I was reminded that it is not my duty to decide on my lecturers fate though I am required to be a witness. In my estimation, ethics is a convoluted concept that requires much emotional, spiritual and cognitive investment. I also believe that the formation of my ethical principles has gone through and will go through several revolutions. The revolutions I forsee involve a strengthening of my present beliefs. Of course, it is expected that future exposure will likely hone the way in which I presently express my beliefs and so I will possibly become more tactful whilst voicing my principles. My ethical principles have been formed due to life experiences. When I was much younger, my principles were probably more a function of fearing the belt (consequences) versus what was my inherent DUTY. With age, emotional, cognitive and spiritual maturity, I have progressed from a more concretized way of accepting principles. The Bible speaks to allowing God to reveal Himself to us (1 Corinthians 2 verse 9-14; Life Application Study Bible, 1991) and in questioning certain things ranging from the presence and development of God to the importance of Gods grace; the Lord has proven Himself to me as a being who is worthy of my praise. Thus, I believe the fundamental framework, principles and rules that I subscribe to will remain with me until death. I also recognize that my beliefs and values transcend all areas of my life. Thus, whereas some persons subscribe to the law of the land as the highest form of power; the laws of my creator supersede all others. Therefore, within my professional and personal life, the Trinity reigns supreme and will continue to influence the way in which I define my ethics. Second Timothy 4 verse 16-17 notes ALL scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work (Life Application Study Bible, 1991).

AXI Case Study :: essays research papers

Income Disparities of women in the Workplace The existence of male-female income and gender discrimination in the workplace has been noted in countless countries. Over the past few decades, laws barring discrimination in education and employment have helped give workingwomen many opportunities that our mothers never had. Because of these opportunities, women began working in many different fields, each requiring different skills and experience with different pay wages. Although these opportunities has opened many doors for working women all over the world, the doors for pay discrimination still remains tightly shut for women in the workplace. While significant progress has been attained in furthering gender discrimination between men and women in the workplace, countries such as the United Stated and Japan still seems to be reluctant, to grant true income equality in towards women compared to their male counterparts. Thirty years ago women earned just over half the pay of their male counterparts. This was supposed to be resolved with the passage of the federal Equal Pay Act of 1963. Under this act, employers must pay women the same as men for work that is "substantially equal." Additionally, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which covers employers with 15 or more workers, prohibits pay differences based on gender and bars discrimination against women in hiring, promotion, training, discipline and other job aspects . Despite the existence of such laws, unfortunately workingwomen continue to earn less than men. It's extremely obvious that women have come a long way in the labor force ever since the 19th century. At present time, women account for nearly half the nation's workforce, but due to pay discrimination there has been a wage gap that does not seem to close between men and women. For instance, the typical workingwomen in Japan earns 63 percent of the average man’s pay . While in the United States, the average American woman earns about 74 cents for every dollar the average man earns . In comparing these figures, Japanese women are at even more of a disadvantage in the workplace than their peers in the United States. As stated above, laws have been in placed for years that strictly prohibit any type of discrimination in the workplace. So why does the wage disparity persist? In Japan, it is because of traditional expectations that women marry young and devote themselves to child rearing. This factor is always usually the case with Japanese women, however number of women who continue careers after marriage is growing, but companies have been slow to accommodate their needs for child care or maternity leave .

Is Tiger That Great? :: essays research papers

There has been a vast amount of media exposure on Tiger Woods. The media made Tiger Woods out to be some sort of golf god that nobody could beat and he was totally reshaping the way the game was played. We did not believe that that Tiger Woods was really as good as the media said he was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off, we went to http://www.pgatour.com and http://www.tigerwoods.com to collect our data. We found the average scores of the top 100 PGA tour players. We found that Tiger Woods was actually ranked in second place, one spot behind the scoring average leader, David Duval. However, there are currently somewhere in the neighborhood of 400 players playing the PGA Tour. It’s not too bad to beat 398 of them! As a second to this incredible piece of information, came Woods’ biography and career statistics. Astounding considering his short professional career. All of these observations combined with our own calculations have changed our earlier mentioned view. After hours of research and study we have found Woods to be a great player. This change of heart led to our hypothesis: Even without the media hype Tiger Woods has proved himself, statistically, to be a great player.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This hypothesis is backed by a great deal of statistical information and factual, proven input through our own calculations. After finding our data online it was already clearly evident that Woods’ was a good player, but we wondered how much better he would seem after the math was done. We hope some of the following numbers impress you as much as they did us. The mean score of a PGA Tour Top 100 player is currently 70.63. Woods’ mean score is a dazzling 69.21. The total number of observations in our experiment was 104, because of certain PGA Tour ties within the averages. Our standard deviation, which is the measure of the spread of a distribution, was found to be .52 for the Top 100 scores. The inner quartile range (middle 50%) of the data is .81. This is the difference between quartile 3 and quartile 1, which are 71.06 and 70.25 respectively. The median, or middle of all 100 scores was 70.8, with a minimum score of 69.13 (#1 David Duval), and a maxim um of 71.24 (#100 Lee Rinker). To return to the basis of our project we found Woods’ standardized z-statistic, or how many standard deviations from the mean he lies, to be a –2.

History of Mcdonalds Essay

Mcdonald is the world famous fast food restaurant. The idea of mcdonald’s was introduced by two brothers Mac (Maurice) and Dick (Richard) Mcdonald in California. their father Patrick Mcdonald in 1937 was having a hot dog cottage called as Airdrome restaurant near the airport. In 1940 the restaurant was renamed as Mcdonald’s Famous Barbeque. In 1940 both brothers came to a conclusion that most of their profit comes from selling hamburger so they made their menu very simple by selling only Hamberger,cheeseburger,soft drinks French fries and apple pie. in 1954 a turning point came in mcdonald’s brother history. Ray kroc a seller of Multimixer milkshake visited mcdonald and he liked the idea of mcdonald. Mcdonalds corporation was build in those times and as a result kroc started expanding their business by opening franchises for mcdonalds. 1960 mcdonald’s advertising campaign â€Å"look for the golden arches† gave mcdonald’s sale a big boost. 1965 mcdonald corporation went public. in 1968 mcdonal open its 1000th restaurant. 1974 mcdonalds started their business in UK and Newzealand. in 1980 mcdonalds was facing very big competition from its rival Burger King and Wendy but mcdonald with its innovation was experiencing boost in its sales. in early and mid ninties mcdonalds was having decline in their sales and as a result they start improving their business. taste was improved and some new menu items were introduced. Mcdonald introduced first Kosher Mcdonald in Jurusalam and Halal mcdonalds in india(1995 and 1996 respectively). mcdonald start creating healthy image and invested heavily on refurbishment in 2000’s. today mcdonald’s has more than 33000 outlets and is operating in 125 countries. it is the world leading brand in fast food. Mcdonald started their business in india in 1996. they start their business in india’s capital New delhi. they choose a busy residential area Vasant Vihar. Mcdonald India is 50-50 partnership between Mcdonald USA corporation and Two Indians (Amit Jatia Hardcastle Restaurant ltd Mumbai and Vikram Bakshi Cannaught plaza restaurant Delhi). Mcdonald as of now has 210 stores in india. majority of Indians are hindu and cows are sacred to them. for mcdonalds to sell beef was almost impossible. the second majority population is muslim and they eat Halal food. It was a big challenge for mcdonald’s as there were many protest against mcdonalds. So Mcdonald changed their menu according to local community for example they introduce Maharaja Mac instead of Bic Mac. their menu is full of some spicy products as we know that Indians use spice in their dishes in abundance. About 75 % of the menu of mcdonald’s has been indianised and specially designed to woo Indians. Mcdonald’s passed through some tough times but eventually managed to survive in that different culture and different religious belief. Mcdonald by now has a big presence in India and are trying to extend this ahead. over all mcdonalds serve more than 47 million customers every day. MACRO INVIRONEMT PEST analysis: Now I am doing PEST analysis of Mcdonalds. PEST analysis will give us deatails about Political,Economical,Sociocultural and Technological analysis and effects of these analysis on Mcdonald’s. I will be comparing both environments in USA and India. POLITICAL INFLUENCES: These are some influences a company doesn’t have any control of. USA politically is well suited for business of Mcdonalds. Mcdonlad is very popular in USA. But government is trying to control marketing of fast food because of health concern such as cholesterol,cardiovascular and obesity issues. Good relations in terms of creating jobs and tax revenue for government is a must to succeed in any market. India is very rich country in terms of politics. The world largest democracy is present in India. But being nationalist country they create some difficulties for foreign entries. Bhatiya Janata party is one of the leading Hindu national party and they are against fast food chains as they want to see only vegetarian restaurants in their country. Their party members always protest against fast food using meat in their menu. Big risk for Mcdonald’s is BJP.good news is that trends in India are changing and young people like to eat fast food. second good news is that India is changing slowly from nationalistic society to liberal mind set up and Congress party in power is the main prove of liberal society. Mcdonalds expanded very fast in the last decade. ECONOMICAL INFLUENCE: Economical variables such as currency exchange,employment,Interest rate,tax ratio and need of international supply. Most of the organisations depend on foreign supply of raw metarials for their products making. Currency exchange also have a great impact on any organistion. USA has a High tax ratio,Low unemployment developed country,dealing in internatonal currency (Dollars). Business for Mcdonalds in USA is already established and low risked but for india high unemployment rate,dealing in Rupees as currency and millions of people living below poverty line is a concern for Mcdonalds. but India is having a booming economy,low tax rate and availability of labour in abundance and development of middle class society in India is a positive sign for Mcdonald’s future. Sociocultural influences: Culture and society has a big impact on any organisation sales. Mcdonals in USA is serving a liberal society.religion has not much effect on Mcdonald’s. culture is very much simple. But in India society is very versatile. though India is heavily populated but still Hindu’s don’t eat meat,Muslim only eat Halal and they don’t eat pork. In India religion has a very big impact on society. For Mcdonald it is a big concern. But in India life style is changing,earning power is increasing,middle class is getting bigger in its size and people like to eat outside in restaurants this has a very good impact on society. Technological influence: One positive benefit of globalisation was technological advancement. Althogh Mcdond’s doesn’t use too many complicated machines in their food production but still they need highly competitive technology. technology is needed for example in supply chain management,order taking,Inventory control,easy and quick payment procedures . Use of technology can make management more reliable,effective and cost saving in short term as well as long term. Customers happiness after getting what they are looking for on time and in a deciplinery way make them come over and over again. in USA Mcdonalds use very effective and expensive technology to be in a very competitive position to their rivals. In india as franchises they use high technology. they use very good till system,good and deciplined order taking and well managed staff who knows the proper use of technologies inside the store. MICRO ENVIRONMENTAl ISSUES: Competitive Intensity: Competitive intensity of Mcdonald’s can be determined with Porter’s five forces. Porter five forces is business strategy formed by Michael E. Porter of Haward business school in 1979. he determined five forces which actually determines attractiveness of the market and competitiveness. these five forces are 1)Threats of new entrants. 2)Threats of substitute 3)Bargaining power of customer 4)Bargaining power of supplier 5)Competitive rivalry with in organisation. 1)Threats of New Entrance: Entry to a restaurant Business is very difficult. It is hard to make a prominent brand name. there is high research and development costs and high cost of entry. Strong brands already in competition make it more difficult such as Mcdonald’s,Pizza Hutt,Domino’s etc. New entrants face a very high competition in the start of the business. In USA and India both Entrance of new organisation is very difficult as explained above. 2)Threats of Substitute: The substitutes in this industry are very high. people can choose variety of products they can either choose Burger King,KFC,Indian Cuisine,Indian local shops,Indian Vegetarian restaurants. the same situation is faced by Mcdonalds in USA and all over the world. 3)Bargaining power of customers: Bargaining power of customes refers to pressure a customer can exert on a business to get good quality of food,good customer service and low price. Bargaining power of customer in this industry is low. As Mcdonalds provide a standard service,one price strategy and quality of food. Customers have low bargaining power through out the world in food industry. 4)Bargaining power of supplier : Bargaining power of buyer in this industry is low. situation can change if the main ingredients are not available. But with Mcdonalds simple menu and working with many supplier,they are not facing a big threat. so the bargaining power is relatively low. 5)Rivalry with in the organisation: Fast food restaurant industry is very competitive. the competition is so high as all the organisations want to get hold of customer base. Food industy all over the world has the same criteria because there are many small businesses operating in abundance and also top brands. Mcdonald’s knows about the customers taste and preferences all over the world. so they started Mccafe (morning breakfast). so Mcdonald’s is providing quality food from early morning till late night in order to get competitive edge In the market. Customer Characteristic: India is the second most populated country in the world. It has 28 states and almost 4 times the population of USA. India has more than one billion population. Three fourth of indian population lives in Urban areas. though per capita income is very low in india but still people like to spend on costly products and eating out. out of millions of households in India 49% lives on low income,30% lower Middle income,12% Middle income group, 5% Upper Middle income group and 4% high income group. comparing this with USA where middle income group is very high. consumers in India are highly family oriented. Mcdonald’s targets high income earner,Middle income earner and lower middle income earner in India. Indian consumer are getting brand awareness through internet,TV,Newpaper,Radio,Megazine etc. Middle income group is getting bigger in size day by day as a result of economic boost in India and that is very good news for mcdonald’s. Indian consumers are now getting environmental awareness. They like to use Eco-friendly products and Mcdonalds is very helpful in terms of packaging,and recycling. Family system gives a big chance for Mcdonalds to get their sale rise as Indians are buying food in bulks. Indian consumers are becoming very open minded which is a positive sign for Mcdonalds. For Mcdonalds to succeed as they are now,they should go to expand in urban areas as well as rural areas and target middle and lower income earners and beside this they should introduce certain products which can be afforded by low income earners. customers like spicy foods and Mcdonald has introduced many products which are spicy and tasting according to the preference of Indians. COMPANY ISSUES: Competitive Strategies: As we know fast food industry proved to be very competitive industry. Mcdonald’s from its day first has always tried to have strong competitive advantage over its rival. This is the only way for Mcdonald’s to survive in globalised environment. Mcdonald’s strong rivals KFC,Dominos,Pizza Hut and Subway are also operating in India as well as USA. In the fast food most important thing for some customers is how quickly you take order and ready the meal for customer. KFC and Jumbo King are offering very quick service to customers and in this way taking customers from Mcdonald’s . Mcdonalds has tried very well to overcome this advantage by making and readying its food as quick as possible. Mcdonalds is trying to improve its graph for customer satisfaction and they are investing heavily through out the world including India.mcdonalds uses Wi-Fi and they are trying to emphasise on demographic characteristic of its customers in the area. Each month mcdonald’s add some thing special in its menu. To check Mcdonald’s quality and reliability administration has developed a very unique idea of Gapbuster visiting Mcdonalds as mystery customer. They are expertise who comes in the form of a customer and after serving give credits scoring to the store. Mcdonald has introduced McBreakfast from 6 am to 11 am. Mcdonald’s in its competitive strategies is emphasising to target customers in the new urban areas. Mcdonald’s Indian menu offers very competitive strategy for Mcdonald’s. Vegetarian products,Halal and non vegetarian foods for its customer is a unique and successful idea in India. Kids like mcdonald’s in India as they are giving free toys to customers who buy happy meal deals. Mcdonald’s has actively invested in Discount vouchers given as a leaflets,newspapers,Magazines certainly is a good business strategy and it has boosted Mcdonald’s customer number,Business and sales. Diversification: Mcdonald’s has diversified product range in India and all over the world. Due to diversified nature of products Mcdonald’s is famous among masses. They offer McBreakfast,Lunch and Dinner,Coffee and many more diversified products. Now if Mcdonalds move to fully new business for example Hotel (McHotel) will be a concern. According to guardian news moving to totally new business will damage the image of Mcdonalds. If they are really interested they should do a partnership with another company. As Burger King has done it. landor marketing Director said move like this will certainly change the fundamentals of the company. Diversification can be revealed from Indian market. 75 % menu has been Indianised. Halal food for Muslims has been introduced. Mcdonald’s happy price menu in India,the 5p’s and flexible operating platform all shows Mcdonalds to be a diversified organisation. Organisational Structure of Mcdonald’s: Mcdonald’s has a centralised organisational structure. Centralised structure means the decision making comes from top management in the hierarchy and people on the floor are not contributing to the decision making. The decision making system is very much Bureucratic. In centralised structure main decisions are made by top level management. Mcdonald’s all over the world has the same structure and they have to follow all the decisions from the parents company as they are working as a franchise. Most oof the fast food chains (for example KFC,Burger King etc) have the same centralised structure. Centralised structure has some advantages and disadvantages. Advantages like Common policy all over the world can easily be revealed and practised. other parts of the Business are stopped from being too independent. central control is easy to handle. it has great Economies of scales. specialisation can be used greatly. Disadvantages include some time too much bureaucratic organisation leads to extra layers in hierarchy. it can reduce motivation in staff as we go down the hierarchy because of lack of involvement in decision making process. Customers are not benefited some times as there is a need of quick decision making. Standardisation Vs Adaptation: Standardisation: Mcdonald’s has a slogan. † Think globally and act locally†. Mcdonald’s sell standardised product. the taste make up,ingredients,looks,weight etc will be similar In one part of the world to the other part of the world. Cheese Burger in United Kingdom will taste similar to a cheese burger in USA. Think globally and act locally can be proved in India as Mcdonald’s in India has changed its menu list. Halal Burger and McVeggie burgers have been introduced looking to the customers believes in India. Similar experience has been exercised in Middle east and Fiji. In Middle east eating of Bacon is banned by government. Halal food is served in Middle east. McVeggie Burger in India will taste the same in comparison to McVeggie burger in Fiji. Mcdonald’s sell standardised products. All the products should be looking,tasting,weighing and prepared in the same way across the globe. McVeggie burger was prepared in India after Research and Development was condcucted purely in India. Adaptation: Mcdonald’s follows strategy of product adaptation. Mcdonald’s slogan †think globally and act locally† is the best example. the best example for mcdonald’s adaptation strategy will be India. Mcdonald’s cannot use beef Tallow to fry the fries and burger cutlets (Cows are sacred due to religious belief of Hindu’s). Bacon cannot be used in Middle east as they are Muslim countries and it is against their religious belief to eat pork. products are tailored according to the personal taste of the country people where it operates. Due to adaptation Mcdonald’s menu in various countries is different. Motivation for Market entry: Parent company of Mcdonald’s USA was aware of some facts that motivated them to enter Indian market. some of them are given below. The worlds second largest country by population after china. India’s population is 4 times more then USA. India call itself the most democratic nation in the world so it means all the decisions are made by parliament and not one person or dictator who can freeze assets for a company in any kind of bad relations emerging. Brand awareness is improving day by day,literacy rate is improving,middle class is getting larger,econonomy of India is booming (now counted in BRIC ‘s nations which means Brasil,Russia,India and China they are the fastest developing countries and future economic power),Unemployment is reducing,Laws are flexible for foreign businesses. all these facts contributed to motivation of Mcdonald’s to enter Indian fast food Market. Modes of Market entry: There are different ways a company can start opening their business in another country. for example Franchising,licencing,Joint Venture,wholly owned subsidiary etc. But Mcdonalds entry to India involved join venture and Franchising technique. Franchising is the right a firm acquires from another firm that allows them to do particular business activities, such as service or selling the good , under the name of a specific firm, e. g. McDonalds. in Franchising a company follows strict rules from its parent company. mcdonald’s have 210 stores in India. Mcdonald’s all over the world has almost 85% of franchises. the benefit of franchising is that in short period a company expands its business. the risk involved for parent company to move into another country and invest heavily can some times be too risky but when local people start doing it by themselves,the risk level is minimised. quality control is difficult with franchising. Although Mcdonald’s indian is a 50-50 joint venture company managed by indian. Performance: Much of retail is struggling in India but Mcdonald’s has been seen unaffected and its planning on accelerating its expansion on the Indian subcontinent. Mr Jatia who is managing half of the indian franchises said number of customer is jumping 10% to 15 % each month compared to a year ahead. people of India are now relying on Mcdonald’s. Mcdonalds adaptation policy has boosted its sales. Mcdonald’s annual sale through out the world is $29 billion annually. Burger king is the second largest fast food organisation in terms of sales and is strong competitive rival. Due to company having a customised menu in India Mcdonald’s is getting popular day by day. performance can be measured in terms of outlets opened by Mcdonalds in the past years.in 2010 and 2011 Mcdonalds opened 80 stores in India. In 2010 mcdonald’s sale improved by 30%. Vikram Bakshi MD Mcdonald’s India said the total sale of $29 billion doller Mcdonald’s india just accounts for 0. 37% of the whole sale. but the potential is so high and are expecting to get higher in future. Although Mcdonald’s is facing certain problems like roads are not in very good condition for transport,power supply shortage etc but still sales rise and customer satisfaction shows that Mcdonald’s in India is performing very well. Short,Medium and long term strategies employed: Strategy is a planning that is used by an organisation to achieve its goal and objectives. short term strategy starts from a minute to 6 moths,medium account from 6 month to a year and long term mean 5 years or more strategy. In short term Mcdonalds is trying to bring in innovation and make customer satisfy. day to day issues are planned to satisfy customers. New products are introduced each month. in medium term they are trying to maximise its profit and sales. In long run Mcdonald’s is planning to open new branches across india and indian Mcdonald’s sale which accounts only 0. 37 % of overall sale of Mcdonald to be taken to 0. 50 percent and more in the coming years. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate strength weaknesses,opertunity and threats involved in a project or in Business. SWOT analysis will give us a quick review of an organisation current status. Swot analysis for Mcdonalds in India Strength: Mcdonald’s is a market leader in the fast food industry. Mcdonald’s has a very strong brand image. Mcdonald has expanded its business to more than 125 countries with more than 33000 outlets through out the world.mcdonalds has one competitive advantage and that is Strategic location. In India they are located in busy shopping malls,Airports and busy drive through. Weaknesses: Mcdonald’s has created very successful brand image but the market segment is too focused on Kids. Mcdonald’s is often related to unhealthy food and obesity. Employee turn over rate is so high. these all are weaknesses of mcdonald’s in the world and India in particular. Opportunity: Mcdonald’s can introduce healthy food consisting of low calories items. they should put more efforts in Reseach and Development. Management should try find ways to reduce food wastage which leads to cost control. new products with different variety should be introduced to capture the market. Threats: Mcdonald’s is facing major competition from its rivals KFC and Burger King all over the world. In India local curry shops are offering great challenge to mcdonalds. Company rapid growth has made mcdonalds very velnerable to other contries economic slowdown. Press associating Mcdonald’s with obesity destroys Mcdonald’s image. mcdonald’s in the past has been sued for its unhealthy products.mcdonald’s should try and solve these problems by investing heavily and effectively in research and development. MARKETING MIX OR 4 P’s: Price,Product,Place,Promotion are collectively called as product mix. In order to meet organisational objectives product mix is considered to be very vital. it should be viewed as coordinated and interated package of benefits that shows the characteristics of customers and and related place. Product: product is the physical product or service that is offered to a customer. as we know that Mcdonald’s is very customer oriented and all their products are customised according to the local community.in order to succeed in market research has suggested that customers are always looking for innovation and new products. Mcdonald is famous for its product innovation. Mcdonald’s has introduced new products,removed old products and always looking for the better products so that customers are satisfied. mcdonald’s india majority of products are vegetarian products. Price: Price is a very important tools which identifies how reliable and qualitative a product is. when a customer is buying some thing He/she first draw in his/her own mind of what the product is worth of. If the price of a product is very low customer think quality is being promised. price should really ‘reflect brand and its integrity. Mcdonald’s products are classified in two categories,BA (Branded affordability) and BCV (Branded Core Value products)an example of BA is McAllo tikka and chicken Mcgrill burgers which cost consumer 20-30 rupees. BCV products mainly include McVeggie and McChicken Burgers that cost 50-60 indian rupees. Promotion: Promotion is a way by which company tries to communicate with public and make them aware of what the company is offering. One of the method is Advertisement. Advertisement is conducted on TV,Cinema,Internet,magazines,Poster site,press and radio. other ways of promotion includes direct mail,loyalty scheme,door drops and merchandising. Mcdonald’s is unique in the way they do promotion. In order to capture the market Mcdonald’s india has promoted well to improve its sales. Although advertising is expensive but the return is so high. Mcdonalds spends big part of its budget on promotion. Place: Place plays very important role in launching a product and making it successful. Mcdonald’s has expanded through out in India Urban areas. Mcdonald is currently targeting urban areas as we know that big part of population is living in urban areas. place doesn’t only include physical location but it is includes all the processes that eventually leads to product ending in customers hand. Place plays very important role in getting priority over the rivals and place should be selected after research on the local demography,income level and customers preferences. Mcdonalds in india chooses a particular place after long research and checking local area’s demographic characteristics,income level etc.this is the reason Mcdonalds is very successful in india. CONCLUSION: Mcdonald’s is considered to be the King of the fast food. To achieve this greatness Mcdonald’s has tried hard for ages to prove itself in the competitive environment of Fast food. The key factors in success of Mcdonald’s in my view is innovation,customisation,good management and above all best Marketing strategies adopted by Mcdonald’s. Mcdonald’s in India has a very bright future because of the customers bank,customised approach from Mcdonalds towards its customers and above all the strong brand Image.

5 Key Concepts Underlying Structures of Cultures

Define at least 5 key concepts underlying structures of cultures. Answer: Speed of messages: It is the matter of how long a message can be understood or how long does it take to understand a person. Messages interactions can be in different speeds depending upon culture. Context: The concept is different in different cultures, so a balance is necessary for interacting within each culture. It’s the matter of how much relevant information is in the message, and already understood by both sides.So we have context situations, like a message which contain lots of meaning without much information content in one hand, and low context like a message which may not contain all relevant information. Space: The space is different in different cultures. It’s the matter of what is I? For example, in office, some people have invisible boundaries in one meter. Actually people have a visible physical boundary and series of invisible boundaries Time: What is the opinion of time is very c ulturally dependent. There are many kinds of time systems in the world, but two are most important to international business.How many things are done at once? One thing: monochromatic; many: polychromatic. To Asian, several things can be done at once, but it is very difficult to American or European. For example, American and European will think about the schedule is very important, they care about when, how and where. But Asian will think about goal is the most important and they will do some adjust and increase of efficiency. Information flow The mean is Path data takes from its original setting to its end users. In Low-context countries, such as USA, Canada, Israel, German-speaking countries and Scandinavia, information spreads slowly and bocused.But the Higher Context Cultures: China, Arab countries, Italy, Greece, Japan, Spain, Korea, India, Brazil and Russia information will spread rapidly. So the information flow is different in different cultures. 2. Define the 4 types of gl obal organizations. Answer: a. Ethnocentric corporations: the corporations are home-country-oriented. Ethnocentric managers believe that home-country nationals are more intelligent, reliable, and trustworthy than foreign nationals. b. Polycentric corporations: the polycentric firm establishes multinational operations on condition that host-country managers â€Å"do it their way†.Host-country nationals have high or absolute sovereignty over the subsidiary’s operations. The polycentric firm is a loosely connected group with quasi-independent subsidiaries as profit centers. c. Regiocentric corporations: these corporations capitalize on the synergistic benefits of sharing common functions across regions. A regiocentric corporation believes that only regional insiders can effectively co-ordinate functions within the region. d. Geocentric corporations: the geocentric system is highly interdependent. Subsidiaries are no longer satellites and independent city-states. he entire organization is focused on both worldwide and local objectives. 3. Discuss the Yin and Yang of managing in Asia – 200 words or more. Answer: American management styles, almost universally, presuppose the importance of the individual. We value empowerment, proactive decision making, and ownership of the task. This style of management reflects our Western tradition of the power of rational control and the inherent equality of all people. Asian management styles typically subordinate the role of the individual to the greater demands of the group.The power of obligations and relationships and the respect for order are of greater importance in the East. In the West, efficiency and change often equal effectiveness; in the East, passive acceptance of what is, and the ability to perfect one's work with others within the existing conditions, might be a greater virtue – and the way to a smooth-running, successful organization. The Yin and Yang are contradiction and complementat ion. It is very difficult to work between Asian and Westerner, but the human resource managers and employees should recognize that deep differences of values and beliefs.Then employees need to coordinate in dealing with Asian colleagues and subordinates. And build a bridge between Asian and Westerner. So, bringing yin and yang together would drum up business. 4. Define the following Boundary less concepts. Paradigm:underlying the rise of various forms of â€Å"new organization† to which have been ascribed the terms virtual organization, empowered organization, high-performing work teams, and process reengineered organizations is â€Å"a single, deeper paradigm shift that we call the emergence of the boundaryless organization†, (p. 2; Ashkenas st al. 1995).This shift recognizes the limitations of the following four types of organizational boundaries: vertical (between levels and ranks of people), horizontal (between functions and disciplines), external (between the orga nization and its suppliers, customers, and regulators), and geographic (between nations, cultures, and markets). In the boundaryless organization, these boundaries are not used to separate people, processes and places, rather, the focus is how to move ideas, information, talent, and decisions where they are most necessary (Ashkenas et al. 1995). Employment arrangements: an increase in nontraditional employment contracts between the worker and the organization is cited as an example of blurred organizational boundaries (Miner ;amp; Robinson, 1994), as well as evidence of a post-job society (Bridges, 1994). The term contract denotes the different forms employment is taking in the 1990s: temporary, part-time, job-sharing, consulting, contracting, and leasing.Although some employees have little choice but to accept one of these forms of employment, many employees welcome these options for more flexible hours and more control over where they work, how they work, and which projects they w ould most prefer (Belous, 1989). Job Analysis: is the measurement of tasks and / or worker attributes for a given job, thus, job analysis techniques can be classified as work-oriented or worker-oriented (Gatewood ;amp; Field, 1994). Work-oriented methods involve specific descriptions of the various tasks performed on a job, whereas worker-oriented methods examine broad human behaviors involved in work activities.Skills Emphasis and work Analysis: given that functional boundaries will continue to blur (Ashkenas et al. , 1995; Miner ;amp; Robinson, 1994), boundaryless organizations may eventually collapse â€Å"jobs† into more comprehensive task of job analysis less cumbersome; it could contribute to a culture wherein workers are afforded more freedom and opportunity to engage in different work activities. Recruitment: gaining competent employees at all levels of the organization is more than a matter of training, it stems from changes in recruitment and selection philosophy (A shkenas et al. 1995). Specifically, the boundaryless organization emphasizes the development of a shared mindset among all of its employees and the continuous support of this collective culture. Although Ashkenas et al. (1995) don’t describe specific recruiting approaches that aid in achieving this cohesive culture, they state the importance of thoroughly screening applicants, sometimes with the help of customers, based on skills and personality traits that match the technical and cultural needs of the organization. 5. What are the dilemmas of boundaryless recruitment and selection?A dilemma regarding a high degree of person-organization culture fit surfaces: what about the potentially negative consequences of attracting and selecting too many like-minded individuals? For instance, Schneider (1987) has suggested that organizational dysfunction and eventual demise can be traced to an overabundance of homogeneous worker characteristics. As a corollary, some diversity of worker attributes may be necessary to respond to environmental threats and opportunities, ultimately ensuring the viability of the organization.Another caveat to consider is the possibility of adverse impact. Any employment test which results in different acceptance/pass rates for individuals belonging to different groups must be validated and its continued use demonstrated as necessary. Thus, the very homogeneity of employee values proposed as necessary for the success of the boundaryless organization may lead to two serious problems: decreased organizational performance and adverse impact.Approximately how much and what kinds of cultural parity between worker and organization are necessary for a productive mindset? Approximately how much and what kinds of cultural similarity between worker and organization lead to litigation and/or poor organizational adaptability? It may be that just as the organization needs different skill sets to accomplish a unified performance goal, organizations n eed different traits and worker characteristics to accomplish the longer-term goal of survival (Schneider, 1987).However, worker heterogeneity does not necessarily preclude the selection of homogeneous traits that primarily serve to reinforce core values and pivotal norms. More research is needed to build theory and enhance practitioner success in recruiting and selecting workers for boundaryless organizations. 6. How does one build a global work force with recruitment? Answer: Every year, hundreds of companies expand their operations into the global marketplace. At the same time, corporations that are established in the international sphere redefine their business to maintain a competitive edge.For organizations in both categories, recruitment and international assignment are key determinants of long-term success. Today, HR professionals in progressive global companies are discovering that it isn’t enough just to look for these skills among members of the expatriate communit y. Rather, every employee needs to have a certain level of global awareness, and many companies are finding that screening must begin at recruitment. Form many corporations, international recruitment is synonymous with expatriate selection.Within this area, significant progress has been made to ensure candidates are screened for global competency, with includes such qualities as flexibility, open-mindedness, technical expertise, multiple language proficiency and the willingness to take risks. In addition to recruiting for expatriate potential, HR professionals are finding that employees who have international experience and language proficiency help the company function on a day-to-day basis. Mangers must understand differing cultural norms to perform well on business trips and short-term assignments in other parts of the world. 7.Define the four faces of global cultures. Answer: Davos: from boardroom to bedroom This culture is globalized as a direct accompaniment of global economic processes. Its carrier is international business. It has obvious behavioral aspects that are directly functional in economic terms, behavior dictated by the accoutrements of contemporary business. Participants in this culture know how to deal with computers, cellular phones, airline schedules, currency exchange, and the like. But they also dress alike, exhibit the same amicable informality, relieve tensions by similar attempts at humor, and of course most of them interact in English.Since most of these cultural traits are of Western provenance, individuals coming from different backgrounds must go through a process of socialization that will allow them to engage in this behavior with seemingly effortless spontaneity. Faculty club international: This is the internationalization of the Western intelligentsia, its values and ideologies. It is carried by foundations, academic networks, non-governmental organizations, and some governmental and multinational agencies.The â€Å"faculty c lub culture† spreads its beliefs and values through the educational system, the legal system, various therapeutic institutions, think tanks, and at least some of the media of mass communication. If this culture internationalizes the Western intelligentsia, it also internationalizes the conflicts in which this intelligentsia has been engaged on its home territories. The McWorld culture: The McWorld culture is most credibly subsumed under the category of Westernization, since virtually all of it is of Western, and more specifically American, provenance.These critics of â€Å"culture imperialism† also understand that the diffusion of popular culture is not just a matter of outward behavior. It carries a significant freight of beliefs and values. Evangelical Protestantism: Provide a distinctive process of globalization, especially in its Pentecostal version (which accounts for something like 80 percent of its worldwide growth). This globalizing force is best seen by compari ng it with the other dynamic religious phenomenon of our time, that of the Islamic resurgence.Evangelical Protestantism brings about a cultural revolution in its new territories (in that respect it is very different from its social function on its American home ground). It brings about radical changes in the relations between men and women, in the upbringing and education of children, in the attitudes toward traditional hierarchies. Most importantly, it inculcates precisely that â€Å"Protestant ethic† that Max Weber analyzed as an important ingredient in the genesis of modern capitalism – a disciplined, frugal, and rationally oriented approach to work.Thus, despite it indigenization, Evangelical Protestantism is the carrier of a pluralistic and modernizing culture whose original location is in the North Atlantic societies. 8. Discuss and describe the challenges of Diversity Training in Texaco, UNUM, GTE and Gannett. Answer Texaco: work in progress Texaco’s stra tegy started to take shape two years ago when Gadsden the manager of U. S. workforce diversity and EEO compliance for Texaco Inc. came on board.According to the diversity manager, the impetus stemmed from a number of sources: changing demographics in the workplace and Texaco’s customer base, the oil company’s quest to be a top-tier company, and the need to fully utilize every member of an organization that over the past five years has shrunk from approximately 27,000 to 19,300 employees. Thorough focus groups and a national survey of more than 3,000 of its workers, Texaco leaned how employees felt about the oil company in general, its training and development, its promotion policies and compensation, and whether Texaco and its managers valued a diverse workforce.In the survey results, employees need to improve promotion of minorities. They want managers to be held more accountable on managing diversity and better educated on how to communicate with employees of differi ng backgrounds. A cross-function team was requested to ask for the promotion process by Texaco’s managements. The team discovered that employees wanted a streamlined application process and more feedback on the outcome of promotion requests. Therefore, the cross-functions team supplied work guide of how to get promoted.In the other hand, they improved a diversity training component to highest-level executives, then extend diversity training to all employees. One of the more difficult aspects of workplace diversity is finding the funding for it. Gadsden has succeeded in part by being frugal. He worked with a group of 14 independent consultants rather than handing the contract over to one big firm. He bargained and haggled with his vendors, getting them to reduce fees in return for a guaranteed amount of work. While he uses outside facilitators for his workshops, he also employs internal staff to save money, plus the employees learn by running the programs.Gadsden estimates his cost at $224 a person versus what Gadsden calls a company average of about $1,379 per person. Like any workplace diversity program, Texaco’s is a work in progress. UNUM: visible diversity 1989, the UNUM Life Insurance Company of America has experiencing high turnover among the very minority workers it was trying so hard to recruit. â€Å"We were in compliance mode, doing affirmative action, and trying to bring women and minorities into the company. † Sandy Bishop, manager of UNUM’s diversity programs says. â€Å"We wanted our business environment to mirror our world, the people we were insuring. Its proactive program began simply enough with its HR staff developing a diversity philosophy. In addition, the HR department brokered meeting between senior executives, the majority of whom were white males, and representatives of minority groups. Like Texaco, UNUM began with an internal audit of what needed to be done. Out of that came a three-day diversity workshop designed to build â€Å"cultural competence. † In its effort to integrate the diversity debate with other business issues, UNUM has an informal diversity structure.Corporate communications, for example, publishes a newsletter addressing diversity issues. UNUM also has an education committee that set up â€Å"Lunch and Learn† talks on diversity. As part of its outreach activities, the company has also launched community programs that deal in diversity. While UNUM’s earlier efforts were restricted to company headquarters, the disability insurer this year is extending its diversity programs to its branch offices. And of the five diversity seminars that UNUM will hold this year, three of them will be in remote locations. GTE: mutual respectTelecommunications giant GTE got serious about diversity in the early 1990s for two reasons, says Randy MacDonald, the company’s senior vice president of human resources and administration. â€Å"First was recognition of t he changing workplace†¦more spouses working and more immigration. Second, and this is still evolving, is that while we’re U. S. based, the workplace is becoming global and we need to address marketplace diversity. † GTE combines its workplace diversity efforts with its work/family programs (telecommuting, flextime, seminars on balancing work and family).The diversity end consists of minority recruitment, employee career advancement, training on managing and being part of a diverse workforce, as well as multicultural awareness events that celebrate diversity. The telecommunications company has made a conscious effort to recruit minorities on college campuses, once a person is on board, he or she is eligible for career advancement training, regardless of ethnic background. The company does offer some specialized educational programs for minorities. Through its actions, the company has increased minority and female representation among its managers.Gannett: total inte gration Gannett Corp. Inc. may well have the granddaddy of diversity programs. The media conglomerate first embarked on managing diversity in 1980. While minority recruitment was first emphasized by Gannett, the media company has expanded into career advancement training. The company also publishes an in-house newsletter devoted to the topic and sponsors noon seminars. According to the diversity manager, what has made Gannett’s program work is the fact that it is closely aligned with overall business aims. 9. Describe the adult learning theory culture-bound.Answer: The underlying assumptions behind experiential training are worth investigating to begin determining the universality or cultural relativity of the field’s mainstream methodologies. Holvino (1982) found experiential learning to be: * Active and participatory * Learning how to learn * Based on interdependence or independence * Based on learner’s internal direction * Shared responsibility for leaning * Built on experience and knowledge of learners * Shared access to power and knowledge * Focused on problem identification and solution Information seeking and sharing 10. What are the cultural training techniques? Answer: Training techniques are commonly characterized as falling along a spectrum from Didactic (trainer-centered, low-risk, content-oriented) to Experiential (learner-centered, high-risk, process-oriented). In Hofstede’s terminology, Didactic techniques can be considered to have a high Power Distance and strong Uncertainty Avoidance value orientation, while experiential techniques can be considered to have a low Power Distance and weak Uncertainty Avoidance value orientation.By juxtaposing Hofstede’s cultural value spectrum with this training technique spectrum, we create a guideline for predicting the relative appropriateness of different training techniques for different cultural groups. If we compare the two sides of Figure 20. 1, we can predict which tec hniques might be appropriate for a given cultural group. Appropriate techniques are those that might most effectively challenge the participants without eliciting a high level of resistance.